This is a longitudinal project focused on the long-term effects of early social adversity on social, affective, cognitive, and behavioural outcomes in macaques, and the neurobiological mechanisms underlying these relationships. Naturalistic observation, structured behavioural tasks, and MRI (anatomical, diffusion, rs-functional) are being utlized to assess brain and behavioural development from pre-puberty, across adolescence, into early adulthood.